Hondros College School Of Nursing
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Heart: 
Blood flow: 
Right Atrium-----Tricuspid valve----Right Ventricle-----Pulmonary valve----Pulmonary trunk---- 
Rt. & Lt Pulmonary Arteries------Rt. & Lt Lungs----Rt. Lt Pulmonary veins---Lt. Atrium----Mitral Valve--- Lt. Ventricle---Aortic Valve---Aorta---Systemic Circulation 
Cardiac Output: Amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute. 
Heart rate: Bradycardia, <60 bpm,	Tachycardia, >100bpm Epinephrine: increases HR Pulmonary arteries, 2, carry deoxygenated blood to lungs 
Pu...
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- • 6 pages's •
Heart: 
Blood flow: 
Right Atrium-----Tricuspid valve----Right Ventricle-----Pulmonary valve----Pulmonary trunk---- 
Rt. & Lt Pulmonary Arteries------Rt. & Lt Lungs----Rt. Lt Pulmonary veins---Lt. Atrium----Mitral Valve--- Lt. Ventricle---Aortic Valve---Aorta---Systemic Circulation 
Cardiac Output: Amount of blood ejected by the heart in one minute. 
Heart rate: Bradycardia, <60 bpm,	Tachycardia, >100bpm Epinephrine: increases HR Pulmonary arteries, 2, carry deoxygenated blood to lungs 
Pu...
Connective Tissue elements (CT) 
1.	Ligament : CT that binds bone to bone 
2.	Tendon: CT that binds muscle to bone 
3.	Aponeurosis: CT that binds muscle to muscle 
Bones: Know Illustrations. eg. Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia sternum,mandible Bone Cells 1. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. 
1.	Osteoblast: makes new bone tissue 
2.	Osteocyte: maintains healthiness of bone 
3.	Osteoclast: breakdown of bone Covering of bone: Periosteum
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- • 4 pages's •
Connective Tissue elements (CT) 
1.	Ligament : CT that binds bone to bone 
2.	Tendon: CT that binds muscle to bone 
3.	Aponeurosis: CT that binds muscle to muscle 
Bones: Know Illustrations. eg. Humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia sternum,mandible Bone Cells 1. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts. 
1.	Osteoblast: makes new bone tissue 
2.	Osteocyte: maintains healthiness of bone 
3.	Osteoclast: breakdown of bone Covering of bone: Periosteum
Lecture 17: Reproductive 1 
-Reproductive systems: always locate the bladder first, then what’s around it. 
-Meiosis is making eggs and sperm, everything else is mitosis 
 
-Males testes are outside of the body for thermal regulation 
 
-”point and shoot” parasympathetic: erection. sympathetic: ejaculation. 
 
-Primary sexual characteristics: things that only men or only women have. 
-Secondary sexual characteristics: is what happens in puberty. 
 
-Endometrium: menstrual cycle - where bab...
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Lecture 17: Reproductive 1 
-Reproductive systems: always locate the bladder first, then what’s around it. 
-Meiosis is making eggs and sperm, everything else is mitosis 
 
-Males testes are outside of the body for thermal regulation 
 
-”point and shoot” parasympathetic: erection. sympathetic: ejaculation. 
 
-Primary sexual characteristics: things that only men or only women have. 
-Secondary sexual characteristics: is what happens in puberty. 
 
-Endometrium: menstrual cycle - where bab...
Define anatomy/physiology/pathophysiology/homeostasis 
1.	Anatomy= the study of body structure 
2.	Physiology= the function of body 
3.	Pathophysiology=Improper function “what went wrong” 
4.	Homeostasis= Stable, staying the same 
 
 
Directional Terminology 
1.	Anterior (Ventral)= “Front” 
2.	Posterior (Dorsal)= “Back” 
3.	Inferior= bottom 
4.	Superior= top 
5.	Lateral= away from midline (side) 
6.	Medial =center or in the middle 
7.	Proximal =close to attachment 
8.	Distal= away fr...
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Define anatomy/physiology/pathophysiology/homeostasis 
1.	Anatomy= the study of body structure 
2.	Physiology= the function of body 
3.	Pathophysiology=Improper function “what went wrong” 
4.	Homeostasis= Stable, staying the same 
 
 
Directional Terminology 
1.	Anterior (Ventral)= “Front” 
2.	Posterior (Dorsal)= “Back” 
3.	Inferior= bottom 
4.	Superior= top 
5.	Lateral= away from midline (side) 
6.	Medial =center or in the middle 
7.	Proximal =close to attachment 
8.	Distal= away fr...
The female gonads are the what? 
(Ans- ovaries 
 
The male gonads are the what? 
 (Ans- Testes 
 
The ___________________ System performs two functions: it produces, nurtures, and transports ova and sperm 
(Ans- reproductive 
 
The scrotum is lower in temperature, why? 
 (Ans- To keep the sperm alive 
 
Sperm production is called what? 
(Ans- spermatogenesis 
 
Spermatogonia mature into what? 
 (Ans- Spermatocytes 
 
Cell division for sexual reproduction is called what? 
 (Ans- Meiosis 
 
You...
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- • 9 pages's •
The female gonads are the what? 
(Ans- ovaries 
 
The male gonads are the what? 
 (Ans- Testes 
 
The ___________________ System performs two functions: it produces, nurtures, and transports ova and sperm 
(Ans- reproductive 
 
The scrotum is lower in temperature, why? 
 (Ans- To keep the sperm alive 
 
Sperm production is called what? 
(Ans- spermatogenesis 
 
Spermatogonia mature into what? 
 (Ans- Spermatocytes 
 
Cell division for sexual reproduction is called what? 
 (Ans- Meiosis 
 
You...
allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium to bypass pulmonary circulation 
(Ans- foramen ovale 
 
carries blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava; allows some blood to bypass the liver 
(Ans- ductus venosus 
 
atrial contraction; systole; p wave 
 (Ans- atrial depolarization 
 
max volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation 
 (Ans- vital capacity 
 
allows blood in pulmonary artery to flow directly into the descending aorta to bypa...
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allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium to bypass pulmonary circulation 
(Ans- foramen ovale 
 
carries blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava; allows some blood to bypass the liver 
(Ans- ductus venosus 
 
atrial contraction; systole; p wave 
 (Ans- atrial depolarization 
 
max volume of air that can be exhaled following maximal inhalation 
 (Ans- vital capacity 
 
allows blood in pulmonary artery to flow directly into the descending aorta to bypa...
The apex of the heart is located 
 (Ans- 5th intercostal space 
 
Which layer of the heart allows it to act as a pump? 
 (Ans- Myocardium 
 
What is the apex of the heart? 
 (Ans- The tip of the heart, pointing down towards the left 5th intercostal space. 
 
Which layer of the heart wall contains the epicardium? 
(Ans- Pericardium 
 
What surrounds the heart? 
(Ans- Pericardium
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The apex of the heart is located 
 (Ans- 5th intercostal space 
 
Which layer of the heart allows it to act as a pump? 
 (Ans- Myocardium 
 
What is the apex of the heart? 
 (Ans- The tip of the heart, pointing down towards the left 5th intercostal space. 
 
Which layer of the heart wall contains the epicardium? 
(Ans- Pericardium 
 
What surrounds the heart? 
(Ans- Pericardium
___________________ is a Branch of biological sciences that studies the structure of the body. 
(Ans- Anatomy 
 
______________________ is a Branch if biological sciences that studies how the body functions. 
(Ans- Physiology 
 
___________________________ is a Branch of biological sciences that studies improper body functioning. 
(Ans- Pathophysiology 
 
What is the body's ability to remain the same? 
 (Ans- Homeostasis 
 
The smallest unit of an element is called what? 
 (Ans- atoms 
 
Wha...
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- • 9 pages's •
___________________ is a Branch of biological sciences that studies the structure of the body. 
(Ans- Anatomy 
 
______________________ is a Branch if biological sciences that studies how the body functions. 
(Ans- Physiology 
 
___________________________ is a Branch of biological sciences that studies improper body functioning. 
(Ans- Pathophysiology 
 
What is the body's ability to remain the same? 
 (Ans- Homeostasis 
 
The smallest unit of an element is called what? 
 (Ans- atoms 
 
Wha...
Standard Anatomical Position 
 (Ans- Facing observer, upright, palm supine 
 
Supine 
(Ans- Facing up (when laying on back) or palm facing anterior 
 
Prone 
 (Ans- facing down (laying on belly) or palm facing posterior 
 
Anterior (Ventral) 
(Ans- Front of body 
 
Posterior (Dorsal) 
(Ans- Back of body 
 
Superior 
(Ans- Towards the head 
 
Inferior 
 (Ans- Towards feet 
 
Lateral 
 (Ans- Away from the midline of the body 
 
Medial 
(Ans- Closer to the midline of the body 
 
Proximal 
 (An...
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Standard Anatomical Position 
 (Ans- Facing observer, upright, palm supine 
 
Supine 
(Ans- Facing up (when laying on back) or palm facing anterior 
 
Prone 
 (Ans- facing down (laying on belly) or palm facing posterior 
 
Anterior (Ventral) 
(Ans- Front of body 
 
Posterior (Dorsal) 
(Ans- Back of body 
 
Superior 
(Ans- Towards the head 
 
Inferior 
 (Ans- Towards feet 
 
Lateral 
 (Ans- Away from the midline of the body 
 
Medial 
(Ans- Closer to the midline of the body 
 
Proximal 
 (An...
What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system? 
(Ans- axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton 
 
The skull, spine, sternum, and ribs are part of what division of the skeletal system? 
 (Ans- Axial 
 
The girdles, arms, and legs are part of what division of the skeletal system? (Ans- Appendicular 
 
The tympanic cavity is located in the... 
 (Ans- Ear 
 
What part of the skull contains the ossicles 
(Ans- Tympanic Cavity 
 
These bones of the skull; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, an...
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What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system? 
(Ans- axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton 
 
The skull, spine, sternum, and ribs are part of what division of the skeletal system? 
 (Ans- Axial 
 
The girdles, arms, and legs are part of what division of the skeletal system? (Ans- Appendicular 
 
The tympanic cavity is located in the... 
 (Ans- Ear 
 
What part of the skull contains the ossicles 
(Ans- Tympanic Cavity 
 
These bones of the skull; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, an...